Top of Line Corrosion (TOLC) occurs in deepwater wet gas systems when water vapor condenses on the upper internal walls of the flowline due to the heat exchange occurring between the hot fluid and the colder environment.

A HAZOP is a team-based process hazard analysis (PHA) method. Its purpose is to identify hazards and operability issues in a process design.

This GATEKEEPER provides an overview of the decisions which are the truly important outcomes from this process, and outlines the risks we incur by setting our scale management and associated field design philosophies early in the life of a project.

An effective risk assessment method allows the HAZOP participants and the project team to focus their time and energy on the more significant hazards.

With offshore oil and gas recovery pushing the limit with deeper and deeper water, it comes as no surprise that the technology regarding risers has evolved to meet the demands of harsher environments.

This GATEKEEPER will discuss the problems and challenges that arise from this distinct environment and the respective solutions and best practices that must be considered in order to safely and effectively deal with them.

As new industry challenges arise, a new approach to multiphase analysis called Computational Multiphase Fluid Dynamics (CMFD) has appeared as a possible solution.

This GATEKEEPER will discuss the key physical and chemical characteristics of each production chemical that must be evaluated prior to use in a subsea production system.

Material selection is a nuanced process. A primary assessment based on environmental and operating conditions enables identification of outright inappropriate materials and allows a general selection to be made.

LOPA provides a consistent basis for judging whether there are sufficient independent protection layers against hazardous events to achieve the risk reduction required to achieve such an explicit target.

The amine selected, as well as the concentration of the solution used, will result in different selectivity of H2S over CO2, mole-to-mole acid gas loading, and degradation of the amine.

This GATEKEEPER will discuss the use of triazine as a liquid H2S scavenger.

Determination of the proper 13Cr grade for sour service involves the investigation of domain diagrams, and often requires further fitness-for-service testing.

Corrosion modeling is a vital tool in the pre-Front End Engineering Design (pre-FEED), FEED, and operational stages of the life of pipeline and equipment systems.

This GATEKEEPER will discuss the basic factors influencing corrosion modeling, while a later installment will elaborate on the different corrosion models available and their respective advantages and limitations.

Subsea Integrity Management is defined as the management of a subsea system or asset to ensure that it delivers the design requirements while not adversely affecting life or the health of the environment throughout the required life of the field

Corrosion in field conditions can be extremely slow, thus accelerated test methods have been designed to enable evaluation and prediction of long-term corrosion behavior. In general, corrosion testing is conducted by exposing small samples of a material to the desired environment for a relatively short period of time, then evaluating the type and severity of corrosion in order to select materials or chemicals that will maximize the life of the part in question.

Control Systems Part 3: Rules for Tuning Loops Prior to Startup