While one test cannot give comprehensive results, a combination of testing including genetic testing will be able to provide a more reliable and complete picture of the bacteria in the system than the use of MPN alone.

In this paper, the most commonly used In-Line Inspection (ILI) techniques, methodology and limitations applicable to detecting metal loss and wall thickness measurements are presented.

This paper is the first part of a two part series and presents an overview of pig selection criteria for cleaning and maintenance of the pipelines, and covers high level guidance on establishing a progressive pigging strategy.

This article compares the common approaches to specifying chemical cleanliness and subsequently presents high-level guidance that can be used to select appropriate quality control criteria for those chemicals deployed through long-distance umbilicals to subsea and sub-surface injection locations

As TOL corrosion occurs in wet gas lines operated in stratified flow, the corrosion inhibitor or other corrosion protection chemicals such as mono-ethylene glycol (MEG) injected into the system remain at the bottom of the line and are not able to protect the top of the line.

The objective of this article is to summarize the main requirements of the permit, identify changes from the previous permit, and call out edits between the draft and final issue of the permit as these pertain to the discharge of produced waters and other treated waters from offshore production and water injection facilities.

Studies suggest that humans conducting simple, mundane tasks make an error roughly 1% of the time. Error rates for complex tasks are much higher. Some procedures are more error-prone than others. It is incumbent upon us to write procedures that are not only accurate, but that are likely to be implemented without error.

It is frequently necessary to displace the contents of a pipeline or umbilical tube (fluid B) with another fluid (fluid A). If we don’t use a pig to separate the liquids, there will be mixing at the interface (axial mixing). The mixing zone requires us to overflush the line to effectively remove fluid B from the line.

Commissioning personnel have a different understanding of HSE and safety of working around live equipment. Construction sites are typically not set-up to operate a permit to work system for dynamic testing of equipment such as energizing electrical systems.

Asphaltenes are large, complex organic components present in the oil phase, along with resins, aromatic hydrocarbons, and alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons). Resins play an important role in stabilizing asphaltenes in crude oil. When the resins get destabilized, (under unfavorable pressure-temperature conditions) asphaltenes can agglomerate and deposit.

These work effectively on dispersed, O&G; however, these systems do not effectively remove water soluble organics (WSOs). Where WSOs exist in concentrations greater than 29 mg/l, conventional produced water treating systems cannot achieve GoM overboard discharge limits.

Methanol (MeOH) is widely used in multiple applications in the offshore oil and gas industry.

In subsea oil production systems, hydrate mitigation methods during steady state operation are almost always based around heat conservation.

The difficulty in selecting the materials of construction for the topsides portion of seawater injection systems is associated with uncertainty around the reliability and performance of their associated oxygen removal systems.

Corrosion modeling can be performed very early in project development to estimate the feasibility of carbon steel use. It can also augment many different aspects of the design and operations of sweet flowlines. To achieve this, data used for corrosion modeling must be sourced and attributed to the task in question.

CO2 corrosion modeling is a common practice to evaluate carbon steel flowlines and piping, both with and without inhibition, to ensure they achieve their intended design life. Modeling is also used to help determine if a corrosion resistant alloy should be used and can also be utilized to determine corrosion allowance and inhibition requirements.

Iron solid formation in the MEG regeneration system has been a recurring issue in wet gas pipeline systems.

This paper presents the process followed and findings generated by a comprehensive review of a mature water injection project performed with the goal of delivering a coordinated operating strategy that would maximize the life of field revenues associated with water injection.