The Initial Startup is the moment of truth where everything from subsurface to topsides becomes a single entity and has to work together. Design disconnects will become apparent.

The effect of THPS on seawater used for hydrotesting and bulk storage is seldom studied and rarely documented. The effect of temperature, pH, water depth, dissolved oxygen concentration and various ions in the system is important to note.

Induced Gas Flotation (IGF) has been used for Produced Water (PW) treatment for decades. The roots of flotation technology are in mining, where it has been used to enrich metal ores since the late 1800’s.

GATE, LLC has been developing testing guidelines to validate flexible pipe materials for sour service use as flowlines and risers. Flexible pipe qualification requires the evaluation of each material separately in specific conditions, as well as detailed assessment of end-connector properties, and the performance of the flexible pipe as a whole.

Chemical injection systems are difficult to size because of uncertainties including flowrate, chemicals used and their treatment rate. If conservative estimates are used for all parameters, the injection system may be oversized, at least for some wells.

Water flood is a major secondary recovery option for maximizing field production and ultimate oil recovery. Scaling however, is a problematic issue, hindering secondary recovery by forming blockages that can plug vital waterflood components.

Umbilical functionality is critical to proper operation of subsea production systems, and for this reason it is important to properly select materials and corrosion protection options for this service.